What Are The Four Functions Of An Economic System

Economies: Their Similarities and Differences PART ONE: Describe the four functions of an economic system. The four functions of an economic system is what to produce, how much to produce, how to produce, and to whom to distribute. What to produce is determined merely by the idea of consumer sovereignty, where in a market working economy, resources are distributed to satisfy most wants. This question is answered by government policy in a planned economic system. How much to produce is determined by consumer demand, where if no one buys a certain product, production will come to a halt and a surplus will build up, though in the circumstances of a planned economy, the government makes the decisions and everyone has to buy it anyway. How to produce is determined by firms, where they combine resources to maximize production and profit at a minimal cost where labour here is frequently the most expensive part in the process. Firms also decide whether to choose labour or capital intensive methods depending on the comparative cost of either method. And lastly, to whom to distribute is determined by your income. Depending on the amount of resources you own and the scarcity of those resources, your income varies. In a planned economy, the rewards for effort that are determined by the government, yet they hardly ever relate to the possession of the resources. Well done - clearly identifying when you are talking about market economies would have been good to see. Explain theShow MoreRelated Analysis of Communication and the Transformation of Economics by Robert E. Babe 725 Words   |  3 Pagesanalysis of this era of information industries. The author, Robert E. Babe address several keys points through out the first four-chapters of this book. Evaluating money as a true measuring rod for economist to obtain information concerning value, the place for information in economics using commodities as signs or indicators in the market, also Interrelations between economic and communication studies. Babe, present two situations were money could either measure information and/or carry informationRead MoreInformation Security As Safe Guarding Organizational Data From External And Internal Threats1144 Words   |  5 PagesInformation Security System We can define information security as safe guarding organizational data from external and internal threats. External threats include computer viruses, spam, hacking incidents While internal threats includes the use of unauthorized hardware, physical theft of hardware, abuse of computer access control. In short protecting data from unauthorized access or modification for the purpose of confidential and integrity of computer system data is called information security. InformationRead MoreMarx s Theory Of Alienation1298 Words   |  6 Pagesneeds to cooperate together in order to function properly. Institutions that have to work together in order to get along in society, for example education, family, the government, and the legal system all contribute to play their part in society, this can be seen as stability for functionalism as functionalist believe that everybody in society is making a contribution, whether being a banker or a baker, everyone is needed in society to work together to function properly. The distinction between MarxismRead MoreThe United States Supreme Court Granted Certiorari973 Words   |  4 Pagessituation and handles it in a way they believed to be what society calls the common good. It primarily consists of having the social systems, institutions, and environments on which to depend on to work in a manner that benefits all people in many ways that includes a flourishing economic system (Santa Clara University, 2014). It s the reason the court argued that economic development was a function of the government, argues that in fact economic development is apart of public purposes, the reasonRead MorePlanning a Delegation Guide881 Words   |  4 PagesPlanning A Delegation Guide Purpose One of the most foundational elements of effective management is delegation, combined with the four foundational elements of planning, organizing, leading and control. Empirical studies indicate that delegation is the single most effective means of galvanizing the four functions of management together into a foundation of leadership (Vickers 1985). Delegation is also one of the most effective means of infusing a high level of accountability, transparency andRead MoreThe Difference Between A Supercomputer And A Personal Computer1197 Words   |  5 Pages 1- What is the difference between a supercomputer and a personal computer? What are the advantages and disadvantages of each? A supercomputer is not just a quick or expansive huge devices, it lives up to expectations in an altogether diverse way, regularly utilizing parallel processing rather than the serial processing that a customary computer uses. Rather than doing one thing at once, it does numerous things on the same time. A personal computer is a general-purpose programmable machine, whichRead MoreThe Global Integration of Business Functions1134 Words   |  5 Pagesmuch pressures for multinational business. Two major concerns of many international business corporations are what â€Å"pattern of integrating modes† fits their business activities and how these intergrating modes can be effectively applied in each â€Å"business function† to obtain efficient performance (327). Based on theory and nature of global integration, K. Kim and his co-workers developed four specific integrating modes, including â€Å"people, information, formalization and centralization†, which significantlyRead MoreEconomics : A Very Wide And Expansive Topic Essay1030 Words   |  5 PagesEconomics is a very wide and expansive topic, the topics of economics could be explained in several sub topics, now what is economics to be more specific what macroeconomics is. Macroeconomics the part of economics concerned with large-scale or general economic factors, such as interest rates and national productivity. When it comes to economics their 4 type of resources, land, labor, capital, entrepreneur ship, and these are known as the factors of production, now the best resource out of all theRead MoreCompare and Contrast the Functionalist and Marxist views on the Family1508 Words   |  7 Pagesmedia, political systems, the Church and the family each of which contribute positively to the maintenance of stability of society as a whole. Broadly speaking it is assumed by functionalists that societies operate in the interests of all of their members so that there is no reason for fundamental conflict in society. Instead there is a high degree of consensus that societies are organised efficiently and relatively fairly. According to Herbert Spencer, the family performs functions which are necessaryRead MoreBuilding The Economic Case For The Preservation Of Open Space1750 Words   |  7 PagesTITLE Building the economic case for the preservation of open space: An analysis of the limitations and advantages to utilizing the Benefit-Transfer Method toward natural capital and ecosystem valuation. AUDIENCE My primary audience includes local, regional and state urban planners and policy-makers who are considering Benefit-Transfer Methodology (BTM) as a tool to preserve open space and ecosystem services through policymaking and/or political influence. Additionally, environmental organizations

Definition Of Definitions Of Marketing - 1471 Words

ny definitions of marketing. Marketing can be summarised as a process by which a product or service is presented and promoted to potential customers. Customer value also has many definitions. The simplest form of customer value is defined as being what customers get from buying the product and the functional use of the product versus what they pay, resulting in an attitude toward, or an emotional connection with the product. There are four types of customer value which are functional/instrumental value, experiential/hedonic value, symbolic/expressive value, and cost/ expressive value. These values come from five different sources which are information, products, interactions, environment, and ownership/possession transfer. Fitbit is a company focuses in the health or sports industry and produces activity trackers which has a variety of functions that are useful for customers who are interested in keeping a healthy and fit lifestyle. Fitbit implements customer values into their marketing strategy to identify the best possible strategy to promote their new product Fitbit Alta. Introduction The purpose of the essay is to identify the importance of marketing, the concept of customer value, and the link between marketing and customer value. These concepts can be seen being used by the company Fitbit which has recently launched their new product Fitbit Alta. What is marketing? Kotler (1980) states that marketing is a human activity that is directed at satisfying humanShow MoreRelatedMarketing Definition1002 Words   |  5 PagesMarketing definition Every company depends on an efficient marketing program to fulfill customers needs. Marketing is a process of finding out what the customer wants and meeting those requirements. Within the company, the marketing group has to consider customer values and customer satisfaction before considering offering a product. Marketing is part of our everyday world, and can be perceived everywhere and every time. At any time, everyone has been exposed to different kinds of marketing orRead MoreDefinition Of Marketing : Marketing Essay9454 Words   |  38 PagesContents TASK 1 1 Task 2 5 Task 3 7 TASK 1 1.1 Definition of marketing: - marketing is defined as action of company any promotion and selling their product, service including research and advertising is called marketing. Company can buy and selling their product all that is marketing. (www.businessdictionary.co.nz, 2015) 4 p’s of marketing. 1. Product: - Customer can buy something that they want for full fill their need. Customer should satisfyRead MoreDefinition Of Marketing : Marketing Essay3900 Words   |  16 PagesQuestion: 1.1 a) Definition of Marketing: Marketing is defined as an action, promotion and selling product and service including research and advertising is called marketing. And it’s converting wants into needs; it’s communicating the value of a product, service or brand to customers for the purpose of promoting selling the product, service or brand. The main purpose of marketing is increasing the number of sales. (Wikipedia, 2015) 4Ps’: Product: In marketing area, what are the customer wantsRead MoreDefinition Of Marketing : Marketing Essay3135 Words   |  13 Pages Unit Standard – 7455 Name – Gurpreet Bhatia Student Id – ND14414 Email Id – gurpreetbhatia0009@yahoo.co.nz Task 1 1.1 Definition of Marketing – Marketing can be defined as the process of converting wants into needs. In other words it can be defined as the process of selling products or services to the customers by an organisation. 4 P’S of Marketing 1. Product – Product can be defined as the goods or services which is made to fulfil customer’s demands and needs. While making the product companyRead MoreDefinition Of Marketing : Marketing Essay3142 Words   |  13 PagesDefinition of marketing: Marketing is based on the thinking about the business in terms of the needs of customers and satisfaction. Marketing is different from selling because Selling concerns itself with the tricks and techniques of getting people to exchange their cash for your product. It is not concerned with the values that the exchange is all about. The main purpose of the marketing is to increase the sales of the products and getting more profit for the company. 4P’s of marketing: ProductRead MoreDefinition Of Marketing : Marketing Essay3148 Words   |  13 Pages Unit Standard – 7455 Name – Gurpreet Bhatia Student Id – ND14414 Email Id – gurpreetbhatia0009@yahoo.co.nz Task 1 1.1 Definition of Marketing – Marketing can be defined as the process of converting wants into needs. In other words it can be defined as the process of selling products or services to the customers by an organisation. 4 P’S of Marketing 1. Product – Product can be defined as the goods or services which is made to fulfil customer’s demands and needs. While making the productRead MoreDefinition Of Marketing : Marketing Essay4186 Words   |  17 PagesDefinition of marketing: Marketing is something which every organization does to place their product or service in the hands of potential customers. It includes diverse disciplines, public relations, pricing, packaging and distribution. 4 p’s of marketing: Products: The products play a vital role in marketing. They analyze the wants of the customers and offering them a product. They are also set the size of the product color of the product and other things. They are also considering about theRead MoreMarketing : Definition Of Marketing Essay2139 Words   |  9 Pages Name Gursimran deep Singh Student ID- ND15164 Define marketing Marketing is the activity, set of organisations, and processes for producing, communicating, delivering, and exchanging contributions that have value for customers, clients, partners, and society at large. And this is management process through which goods and services move from concept to the customers. The 4Ps are: Price: Its mentions to the value that is put for a productRead MoreMarketing Definition Essay962 Words   |  4 PagesMarketing definition Every company depends on an efficient marketing program to fulfill customers needs. Marketing is a process of finding out what the customer wants and meeting those requirements. Within the company, the marketing group has to consider customer values and customer satisfaction before considering offering a product. Marketing is part of our everyday world, and can be perceived everywhere and every time. At any time, everyone has been exposed to different kinds of marketing orRead MoreMarketing Definition and Importance1431 Words   |  6 PagesMarketing Definition and Importance Marketing Definition and Importance The world of marketing is very diverse and can be defined and applied in many different ways. One person might be asked to give a definition of marketing and give a totally different definition than another person. Marketing importance to an organization can be different from one to the other depending on product line and ways in which the organization markets the product. In today’s paper one will look at two different definitions

A systems look at a construction problem Free Essays

System theory, in general, is a field of study involving complex interactions between different groups or objects that work together to achieve a specific result. (O’Connor McDermott 1997:11) In applications for management and organizations, systems theory involves the efficient communications of information. There are many different applied approaches such as the soft systems approach as well as the hard systems approach. We will write a custom essay sample on A systems look at a construction problem or any similar topic only for you Order Now This paper looks into the application of both approaches in a construction project. The Pre-contract Situation The situation I will be discussing is the design of a world standard university to be provided through Descon Construction Company. The contractor (Descon) was selected after the due process, as listed out below: 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Invitation by the university to Descon to bid for the contract 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Identification by the university of suitable construction companies with the capability of carrying out the work from the total list of bidders 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Recommendation of Descon to the university 4.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Descon tenders a copy of project management works and provides for complete audibility of the process 5.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Assessment of Descon by the university 6.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The university tenders Descon with a copy of their evaluation and review of the construction company 7.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Submission of contract recommendations by Descon to the university 8.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Estimation by both parties of project cost, functionality, quality and time 9.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Reporting by Descon and the university of their individual assessments of the project. 10.   Compromise is reached by both parties and a final project plan is developed 11.   Initiation by both parties of services and agreements stipulated within the contract The situation that arose after the university building committee’s appointment of Descon as preferred bidder, and as the parties moved into the next stage of detailed negotiation of the services (including buildings) to be provided, was what prompted this paper. During any contract or agreement, people enter into relationships. Such relationships will result in an outcome which, in this case, was the relationship between the University and Descon, the preferred bidder. The preferred bidder will ensure that the buildings are up to standard. Descon will also be responsible for any breach of contract and any poor services provided. The university building committee, on the other hand, will pay the stipulated amount as laid down in the Contract deed Matters arising No doubt numerous problems will arise in any given building contract situation, and this particular situation is no different. There is the problem of expecting complaints from the client as a result of building or design specification. However, the design desired by the client can still be met as result of good managerial and interdepartmental functions within the system or organization. It should be understood that the two organizations are separate, large systems with different interacting units that make up the whole, and as such, room is made for adjustments in order to achieve the set objectives. These organizations are a collection of separate decision making systems, each with their own identity, purpose, understanding of the environment, beliefs and values based on which their decisions are made. Figure 1 below shows the structure of relationship between the two parties, the University and Descon, involved in the design project. This shows the clear distinction between the two groups as separate entities. How to cite A systems look at a construction problem, Papers

Personal Narrative A Trip to Paris Essay Example For Students

Personal Narrative A Trip to Paris Essay From a young age, Ive been drawn to vintage and antique furniture, clothes and household items. Not only they do have their own unique energy, but they also carry spirit and history of the past. There is something mysterious and magical about vintage and antique elements. When I got the opportunity to travel to Paris I right away made a list of places that I wanted to visit. On the top of my list was Paris’s largest Flea and antique market, the famous Marchà ¨ aux Puces de Saint-Ouen. The very next day after my arrival I got ready for an adventure to the 14th arrondissement. The market was just outside of Paris near the Porte de Clignancourt. Since it tends to close up early in the afternoon, I woke up early as I could. It was a beautiful sunny summer morning and I was full of excitement. I step out of the apartment and head five blocks toward the metro. Just before I got to the metro station I stopped at the corner of a pastry shop and picked up a freshly baked crispy croissant and a cup of delicious coffee. I felt cool sensation in my chest either from drinking coffee or from overwhelming excitement. I entered the metro station and it took me about 40 min to get to the place. Once I got out of the station I found myself in a very diverse neighborhood. There was a great mix of Africans, Arabs and foreigners. The streets were dirty, crowded and had odors of strange foods cooking. I quickly started following my maps direction. In order for me to get to the antique market I had to go through a street market where immigrants from all over the world were selling cheap merchandize. The sellers yelled â€Å"Madam, Madam† from all sides of the market. I called my friend to express my disappointment. And once the vendors heard me speaking Russian , they started to call me â€Å" Natasha†. Uh, how dare they! I felt like there was no end to it. There were hundreds of stands selling anything from small electronics to Adidas sport items, but there were no antiques. I came to the point where I could not tolerate the crowds and annoying vendors any longer and then I saw a large antiquish looking entry gate. It was hard not to be instantly impressed by its elegantly rustic design. After I passed through the gate, the market was a labyrinth, one narrow street after another. It was very fascinating. I couldn’t believe how many little shops there were and all of them had their own personality. Some specialized in vintage clothing, some in household items, and some in vintage costumes and jewelry. The market managed to keep its old charm and unique character through its traditional Parisian settings with outdoor tables and bright flowers. Walking by each of them you could see everything from vintage chandeliers and silver to architectural elements, and all other things practical and whimsical. I went through very narrow streets filled with shops. It was crowded and people were moving slow. As soon as I approached the corner I heard the music, jazz inspired piano music. There was a shop a few doors down the side street. Its massive wooden door with brass handles and uncommon large circular brass lock looked unusual. At first I didnt think it was open. I pressed my face against of the small store window and looked inside, shading my eyes from the sun with my hands. Suddenly, I saw a pair of dark eyes looking back at me. I almost jumped! There was a woman working on the window display. She smiled and motioned for me to come in. I was a little afraid because I thought that merchandize would be out of my budget, but I was too intrigued. .u90b1feb4816f73b284e2e972954fd5c2 , .u90b1feb4816f73b284e2e972954fd5c2 .postImageUrl , .u90b1feb4816f73b284e2e972954fd5c2 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u90b1feb4816f73b284e2e972954fd5c2 , .u90b1feb4816f73b284e2e972954fd5c2:hover , .u90b1feb4816f73b284e2e972954fd5c2:visited , .u90b1feb4816f73b284e2e972954fd5c2:active { border:0!important; } .u90b1feb4816f73b284e2e972954fd5c2 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u90b1feb4816f73b284e2e972954fd5c2 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u90b1feb4816f73b284e2e972954fd5c2:active , .u90b1feb4816f73b284e2e972954fd5c2:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u90b1feb4816f73b284e2e972954fd5c2 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u90b1feb4816f73b284e2e972954fd5c2 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u90b1feb4816f73b284e2e972954fd5c2 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u90b1feb4816f73b284e2e972954fd5c2 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u90b1feb4816f73b284e2e972954fd5c2:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u90b1feb4816f73b284e2e972954fd5c2 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u90b1feb4816f73b284e2e972954fd5c2 .u90b1feb4816f73b284e2e972954fd5c2-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u90b1feb4816f73b284e2e972954fd5c2:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: A Chemical Is Not Be A Carcinogen Or Cancer Causing Agent Under Osha RegulationsAs I opened the door and I was swept into one of the most enchanting stores I have ever seen. † Bonjour, madam† she said with a smile. This place was like magic. From the moment I stepped inside I saw the variety of quality, solid wood furniture, delicate ancient French paintings and ornate decorations. The place was filled with very unique antiques, such as old- world tables, chairs, and other strange objects. The store was beautifully decorated with paintings and frames hanging on the walls and tastefully placed furniture. Very rustic yet very chic. It was as if this store appeared out of my imagination everything I ever wanted but couldnt put into words was in it. The history wasnt just on the walls, you could feel it in your bones, and different eras were represented. I found myself charmed by the 1950’s-era night lamp. It was Tiffany glass in bright red, green and brown colors. It brought back the memories of items my grandmother used to have in her home. I got a good glimpse into what French society used to be in the past from many objects. The place had an interesting smell of a rich cherry wood. There was something innately beautiful, genuine, and absolutely stunning about it. I could not describe the ambiance, but I was mesmerized by it. I finally found the source of music. There, in the corner, was an antique looking pianist, dressed in a white shirt and a neck scarf playing on a tiny piano in the darkest corner of the store. It reminded me a scene from a Woody Allen movie. I spent nearly one and a half hour in the store. When I left I had a warm cozy feeling all over my heart. Streets were still crowded, full of curiosity and vibrant energy.

Avoiding Power Abuse When the Actions of the President Have to Be Restricted by the Congress

Avoiding Power Abuse When the Actions of the President Have to Be Restricted by the Congress There is no doubt that a state leader enjoys impressive power. With political, economical, financial and even social issues under control, a political leader can possibly turn into a dictator[1].Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Avoiding Power Abuse: When the Actions of the President Have to Be Restricted by the Congress specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Despite the fact that in the resent-day world, the leader of a state controls every single sphere of the life of the state, the restrictions imposed on the leader by qualified exceptionalism principle allows for making sure that no power abuse is taking place. In his article, David Rudenstine explains where the power abuse that can be currently observed in a number of states stems from. According to Rudenstine, the seeds of constitutional dictatorship were planted in a governmental system since Ancient Rome. As Rudenstine explains, the principle in accordance with which the leader of a stat might consider authoritarian regime as a means to lead the state out of a crisis â€Å"is rooted in the Roman Republic.†[2] In their turn, Owens and Loomes analyze the work of the U.S. Congress without the references to earlier political practices, as well as without analyzing a particular political situation. According to Owens and Loomes, as long as the policy of qualified expectations persists in the U.S. government and the Congress has its impact on the President’s actions, democracy is safe.[3] Despite the work of the Congress, however, power abuse can possibly take place unless strong moral principles are established, which will help coordinate the steps of the government[4]. The aforementioned Congress does not necessarily speak from the perspective of people. Rather, Congress considers what will be most favorable for the state. After all, the members of the Congress often dispute and rarely come to terms: â€Å"American voters c an become frustrated by the inability of their leaders to move forward.†[5] However, it cannot be denied that the Congress controls the actions of the President, thus, preventing him/her from making the steps that conflict with the interests of the U.S. population: â€Å"Even today, Congress limits the Presidents powers.†[6] In addition, the way in which the Congress limits presidential power also leaves much room for thoughts. Stacey Kaper gives a very graphic example of the failure of the Congress to voice the opinion of the nation by explaining that the Congress should â€Å"provide the president with explicit self-defense authorization to address specific emerging threats,†[7] yet it never does. Perhaps, one of the key reasons for this is that â€Å"we expect too much of government†; however, it is the duty of the state representatives to take care of people, and it is necessary to make sure that they attend to their duties.Advertising Looking for research paper on government? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More On the other hand, it cannot be denied that for an average person, connecting with the Congress for the latter to translate their demands into reforms is extremely hard. As Independence Hall Associations explains, USA is â€Å"far too large a country to operate effectively as a direct democracy.†[8] With that being said, it can be assumed that the existence of Congress is justified, especially when such issues as waging war are at stake: â€Å"The implication often given is that these powers are somehow incompatible.†[9] Although there are a number of opportunities for abusing power for a man/woman in presidency, it seems that dictatorship is highly unlikely to occur in the states where restrictions are provided. While it is important to trust the person chosen democratically to rule the state, it is essential to show that gaining presidency mean s taking responsibilities. As long as the reminders of the responsibility of being a state leader exist, democracy is going to be the basic principle of governing the state. Bibliography Independence Hall Associations. â€Å"American Political Attitudes and Participation.† In  American Government. Philadelphia, PA: Independence Hall Association, 2008. ushistory.org/gov/index.asp. Independence Hall Associations. â€Å"How Do Citizens Connect with Their Government?† In American Government. Philadelphia, PA: Independence Hall Association, 2008. ushistory.org/gov/index.asp. Independence Hall Associations. â€Å"Congress: The People’s Branch?† In American  Government. Philadelphia, PA: Independence Hall Association, 2008. ushistory.org/gov/index.asp. Independence Hall Associations. â€Å"The Presidency: The Leadership Branch?† In  American Government. Philadelphia, PA: Independence Hall Association, 2008. ushistory.org/gov/index.asp. Kaper, Stacy. â€Å"How to Restrict the President’s Power to Wage War.† National  Journal 6, no. 15 (2013): 37.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Avoiding Power Abuse: When the Actions of the President Have to Be Restricted by the Congress specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Machiavelli, Nicolo. The Prince [Excerpts]. 1513. fordham.edu/halsall/source/prince-excerp.asp Owens, John E. and Burdett A. Looms. â€Å"Qualified Exceptionalism: The US Congress in Comparative Perspective.† The Journal of Legislative Studies 12, no. 3–4 (2006): 258–290. Rogers, William. â€Å"Congress, the President, and the War Powers.† California Law  Review 59, no. 5 (1971): 1194–1214. Rudenstine, David. â€Å"Roman Roots for an Imperial Presidency: Revisiting Clinton Rossiter’s 1948 Constitutional Dictatorship: Crisis Government in the Modern Democracies.† Cardozo Law Review 34, no. 3 (2013): 1063–1078. Footnotes Nicolo Machiavelli, The Prince [Excerpts], 1513, fordham.edu/halsall/source/prince-excerp.asp David Rudenstine, â€Å"Roman Roots for an Imperial Presidency: Revisiting Clinton Rossiter’s 1948 Constitutional Dictatorship: Crisis Government in the Modern Democracies,† Cardozo Law Review 34, no. 3 (2013): 1063. John E. Owens and Burdett A. Looms, â€Å"Qualified Exceptionalism: The US Congress in Comparative Perspective,† The Journal of Legislative Studies 12, no. 3–4 (2006): 258–290 Independence Hall Associations, â€Å"American Political Attitudes and Participation,† in American  Government, Philadelphia, PA: Independence Hall Association, 2008. ushistory.org/gov/index.asp. Independence Hall Associations, â€Å"Congress: The People’s Branch?,† in AmericanGovernment, Philadelphia, PA: Independence Hall Association, 2008, ushistory.org/gov/index.asp. Independence Hall Associations,  "The Presidency: The Leadership Branch?,† In  American Government, Philadelphia, PA: Independence Hall Association, 2008. ushistory.org/gov/index.asp. Stacy Kaper, â€Å"How to Restrict the President’s Power to Wage War,† National  Journal 6, no. 15 (2013): 37. Independence Hall Associations, â€Å"How Do Citizens Connect with Their Government?,† in American Government. Philadelphia, PA: Independence Hall Association, 2008, ushistory.org/gov/index.asp. William Rogers, â€Å"Congress, the President, and the War Powers,† California Law Review 59, no. 5 (1971): 1194–1214.

10 Fascinating Facts About Crickets

10 Fascinating Facts About Crickets True crickets  ­(family Gryllidae) are probably best known for their incessant chirping on late summer evenings. Most people can recognize a house or field cricket, but how much do you know about these familiar insects? Here are 10 fascinating facts about crickets: Close Cousins of Katydids Crickets belong to the order Orthoptera, which includes grasshoppers, locusts, and katydids. While all these insects share traits with crickets, katydids are their closest cousins. Crickets and katydids feature long antennae and ovipositors (tubular organs through which they deposit eggs), are nocturnal and omnivorous, and use similar methods to make music. Masterful Musicians Crickets sing an impressive variety of songs, each with its own purpose. A males calling song invites receptive females to come closer. He then serenades the female with his courtship song. If she accepts him as a mate, he might sing a song to announce their partnership. Male crickets also sing rivalry songs to defend their territories from competitors. Each cricket species produces a signature call, with a unique volume and pitch. Rubbing Wings Makes Music Crickets produce sound by stridulating, or rubbing body parts together. The male cricket has a vein at the base of his forewings that acts as a file or scraper. To sing, he pulls this ridged vein against the upper surface of the opposite wing, causing a vibration amplified by the thin membrane of the wing. Ears on Front Legs Male and female crickets have auditory organs on their lower forelegs, oval indentations called tympanal organs. These tiny membranes are stretched over small air spaces in the forelegs. Sound reaching the cricket causes these membranes to vibrate. The vibrations are sensed by a receptor called a chordotonal organ, which turns the sound into a nerve impulse so the cricket can make sense of what it hears. Acute Hearing Because the crickets tympanal organs are so sensitive to vibrations, its remarkably difficult to sneak up on a cricket without it hearing you coming. Have you ever heard a cricket chirping and tried to find it? Every time you walk in the direction of the crickets song, it stops singing. Since the cricket has ears on its legs, it can detect the slightest vibration created by your footsteps. The best way for a cricket to avoid predators is to stay quiet. Chirping Can Be Hazardous Although a crickets keen sense of hearing can protect it from larger predators, its no protection against the sly, silent parasitic fly. Some parasitic flies have learned to listen for a crickets song to locate it. As the cricket chirps, the fly follows the sound until it finds the unsuspecting male. Parasitic flies deposit their eggs on the cricket; when the larvae hatch, they ultimately kill their host. Counting Chirps Reveals Temperature Amos E. Dolbear, a Tufts University  professor, first documented a relationship between the rate of a crickets chirps and the ambient air temperature. In 1897, he published a mathematical equation, called Dolbears Law, that enables you to calculate the air temperature by counting the number of cricket chirps you hear in a minute. Since then, other scientists have improved on Dolbears work by devising equations for different cricket species. Edible and Nutritious Much of the worlds population eats insects as part of their everyday diet, but entomophagy, as the practice is known, isnt accepted as readily in the U.S. But products such as cricket flour have made eating insects more palatable to those who cant bear to chomp on a whole bug. Crickets are high in protein and calcium. Every 100 grams of crickets you consume provides almost 13 grams of protein and 76 milligrams of calcium. Revered in China For more than two millennia, the Chinese have been in love with crickets. Visit a Beijing market and youll find prize specimens fetching high prices. In recent decades, the Chinese have revived their ancient sport of cricket fighting. Owners of fighting  crickets  feed their prizefighters precise meals of ground worms and other nutritious grub. Crickets are also prized for their voices. Cricket singing  in the home is a sign of good luck and potential wealth. So cherished are these songsters that they are often displayed in the home in beautiful cages made from bamboo. Breeding Is Big Business Thanks to the demand created by owners and breeders of reptiles, which eat crickets, cricket-breeding is a multimillion-dollar business in the U.S. Large-scale breeders raise as many as 50 million crickets at a time in warehouse-size facilities. The common house cricket, Acheta domesticus, is raised commercially for the pet trade. In recent years, a deadly disease known as cricket paralysis virus has devastated the industry. Crickets infected with the virus as nymphs gradually become paralyzed as adults, flipping onto their backs and dying. Half the major cricket breeding farms in the U.S. went out of business because of the virus after losing millions of crickets to the disease. Sources Crickets and Temperature, University of Nebraska-Lincoln Department of Entomology. Cranshaw, Whitney and Redak, Richard. Bugs Rule! An Introduction to the World of Insects.Elliott, Lang and Hershberger, Wil. The Songs of Insects.Evans, Arthur V. Field Guide to Insects and Spiders of North America.Frequently Asked Questions, Insectsarefood.com.The Cricket Paralysis Virus (C.P.V.), Cricket-Breeding.com.Ballenger, Joe. Cricket Virus Leads to Illegal Importation of Foreign Species for Pet Food, Entomology Today.

Minimum Wage Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Minimum Wage - Essay Example Minimum wage increases as only a short-term benefit to the poor. Prices will quickly adjust for this increase as companies raise prices to make up for the increased wages they must pay. They need to keep profits the same or raise them...so a rise in employee wages will equate to a rise in prices. Supporters of living wage laws say that the current minimum wage simply does not keep up with the cost of living. Allowing employers to pay less than a living wage is just cost-shifting to the public at large, forcing the government and private charities to fill in the gap between low pay and survival. Many economists supports that the minimum wage is a matter of social justice which helps reduce exploitation and ensures that workers can afford basic necessities of living. Supporters deny claims of causal links between the minimum wage and adverse impacts upon employment, and suggest that in any event, greater social benefit derives from the minimum wage. Raising the minimum wages of employees increases the economic efficiency of the economy where labor markets exhibit a high degree of market power on the part of employers. As Kash explains, (Montag 51) "The minimum wage goes up in one place, but doesn't change right next door.