History of Candle Magic

History of Candle Magic Introduction and Historically Speaking The history of candle magic or fire can be traced back to Paleolithic times. Fire is a source of inspiration and its immense power that inspired awe and wonder from ancient man in the early years of our development. Fire, not only kept the cave man warm, cooked his food, but also frightened away animals for their security. Can you imagine back in the past not having electricity and having to eat by candle light every night? Today we take so much for granted and now we treat eating by candle light a special occasion. Well historically the very first known candle-type was called rushlights and this was the first use of beeswax and use of animal fats. The process for making rushlights was soaking pithy reeds in animal fats and/or beeswax. This was noted as early as 3000 BC. As tombs of rulers were being unearthed they found candles resembling todays beeswax candles. It wasnt until the Romans improved candle making and used wicks of woven fibers to light up their places of worship and their homes. Before the first candles were invented, ancient cultures used oil lamps for light. The oil lamps are much like the ones we have today with a fiber wick. Back in ancient days the wick was made of flax and their burned as fuel plant oils, olive oil, beeswax and animal fats. The original meaning of the word candle comes from a Latin word Candere which meaning is â€Å"to shine.† Another ancient way to make candles came from India. They made candles for their temples and homes by boiling cinnamon and using the by-product of the boiling to create candles with. In India there was a ban to burn any candle made of animal fats because animals were considered scared. Candles are the physicaltool to connect to the Element of Fire. Fire has not only lit our way in this life, but it also corresponds directly to life and the creation there of. Although the importance of the candle died out with the invention of electricity and the light bulb, its still important in sacred religious ceremonies in many parts of the world. As history continued, humans quickly understood the need for light during the dark hours of the night. Later on, this power to illuminate took on a religious significance. In India, presenting a lit oil lamp in front of the God/Goddess is still practiced at home and in temples and it has become ceremonious practice. In Egypt, the followers of Isis kept her temple lamps lit at all hours, both day and night, to symbolize constant hope and life in the afterlife. In Paganism the Sabbat known as Yule (Dec 20-23) involves candles used on the Yule tree. The Festival of Lights, the Sabbat known as Imbolc (February 2nd) and is the Fire Festival for winter purification. In Irish Celtic belief is all centered around Saint Brigid, the Goddess of fire, fertility, home and hearth, livestock, crops, wisdom and poetry For Wiccans and Neo Pagans, this ceremony of lighting a candle signifies the element fire as we call upon the elements to join us in our ritual and draw from their energy. Knowing what candle to light, when to light, moon phases, and what colour to use can increase the potency of the intent of the practitioner. In Christianity lighting candles on or near the altar is an essential part of their practice. Assignment The following questions are to be submitted below at the link. Each answer should be answered in detail and should be in your own words. How do you use candles in your own practice? Why is Fire compared to life and important in ancient Egypts tombs? What is the importance of using candles during rituals and crafting work?

Dining in vs. Dinging Out

Informative Speech Dining Out VS. Dining In INTRODUCTION I. Attention getter/relevance: The Price of food has TRIPLED, Which results in the price of fast food has double just form the past two years. II. Establish Credibility: I have gained knowledge and tips on how to save money by cooking your meals at home by doing so you can save over a 1000$ a month. III. Thesis Statement: By the end of my presentation, you will have the knowledge to cut the cost of food and you will think twice before you visit your local fast food restraint. IV.Preview: The focus of my speech is to give you pointers on how to cut the cost of food, and getting a home cook meal in a convenient amount of time. BODY I: First (signpost), why is preparing food at home less expensive then dining out. The cost of fast food has double in the past two years. A today's economy has changed, meaning that all living expenses like rent food and gas prices has gone up as well. b. Studies has shown that dining out three times a week for a family of four can cost up to 400$. c. Money can be saved by cutting back on dining out and fast food by simply cooking from home. I. 2.Second (signpost) the main reasons why people dining out because of their busy life styles. a. There are many adults that work over 40 hours a week, or has resign back in school or some are doing both all while supporting there families. b. Most people way of thinking is it’s much easier to buy per pared food rather than slave over a hot stove daily. c. Little do they know it’s a lot of things you can cook from home with in convenient amount of time. Transition: Let’s review home cooked meals are cheaper than dining out every night. When you prepare your food from home, your relocked to save over a 1000$ monthly.There are meals that you can prepare at home in a convenient amount of time. II. Continue following format for remainder of main points†¦ CONCLUSION I. Signal/summarize main points: because of today's e conomy living expenses like rent food and gas prices has gone up. Preparing food at home less expensive then dining out. II. Thesis statement/Relate to introduction: Now that you know more information on how to save money and time by cooking a prepped meal at home, I hope that you take what you learned and put it into use. I promise you want be sorry.

American Revolutionary War General Essay

The American Revolution was the course by which numerous American colonies became an autonomous nation. It involved novel ideas grounded on republicanism and needed success in a long battle with Britain. Following the fighting that raged for nearly a year, the United States declared independence in 1776, as an autonomous country and established a coalition with France that leveled the naval and military might of the two nations. The fundamental cause was the British government’s refusal to permit Americans voice their concerns in setting duties. During the pre-revolutionary period, some notable events such as the Braddock’s expedition influenced the revolutionary path. The Braddock’s expedition commenced in 1755 in Pennsylvania . Among the volunteers during the expedition was Daniel Morgan who is considered one of the most victorious field leaders during the American Revolution. The tales of this renowned patriot and the regiments that operated under his command in the Boston siege, assault of Quebec, the obliteration of Burgoyne’s forces at Saratoga as well as his devastating conquer of Banastre Tarleton cannot be forgotten. Not much is known concerning the Daniel Morgan’s early life. It is generally thought that he was born in New Jersey in the year 1736 . His early life was signified by a rough frontiersmen outlook. He left original home when he was a child and established in Winchester, Virginia. Morgan was remarkably strong and a tireless, hardworking worker. He started by employing himself out but within a very short period of time earned sufficient confidence from his boss to be in charge of the boss’s sawmill. Although Morgan would sink into debts severally, he managed to save sufficient money to establish an autonomous wagon. Generally, Morgan was a prosperous captain, militia, farmer and a respectable citizen. When in 1775, the Continental Congress sanctioned the recruitment of two firms of Virginia riflemen, Morgan was the unchallenged choice from his Virginia County to recruit and head one of them. Early Career Daniel Morgan had an unconquerable spirit together with rapid wit made him a favorite amongst the people and before long most of the colleagues from Berryville and Winchester looked upon him as their leader . An agitated and high-spirited individual, he abandoned home in his early teens and established in Virginia. The muscular man was repeatedly in problems with the laws for affraying in taverns and failing to pay card debts and liquor. As a trucker, he accompanied the unfortunate Braddock’s expedition. His career started his career by working as a planter but was later given a job to work as a trucker for a wagon. Within a period of six months, Daniel had saved sufficient cash to purchase own team and cart and became a trucker under his own management on the Great Wagon Road . This road started in Philadelphia, traversing via Lancaster, shifted southward to Maryland, Frederick, traversed through Winchester, crossed the middle and eastern sections of Virginia Valley ending up in North Carolina. Morgan’s first hand experience of North Carolina and southwest Virginia added to his eye-catching defeat of Tarleton and the following idiotic tactics of Cornwallis to arrest him resulting to the British conquer at Yorktown as the American Revolution ended . Braddock’s Expedition The war of Monongahela commenced in 1755, near the location of contemporary-day Braddock, Pennsylvania. After it ended, over five hundred British forces lay dead and approximately five hundred were wounded . Only three hundred managed to escape the menace uninjured including George Washington . Edward Braddock, a British commander had been fatally wounded and succumbed to injuries several days later. Braddock’s men suffered badly from the initial stages of the war. The Tactics used by Indians were supremely appropriate for woodland battle. Battle between the French and British on the border implied additional work for Daniel who volunteered ferrying materials for the British forces. The rival assertions of England and France for the rich valleys southwest of Alleghenies had started to create slaughter. The French had already conquered the England fort located on the Allegheny Rivers and Monongahela and Washington had attempted to repossess it only to admit defeat at Great Meadows. Colonel Braddock was dispatched from Britain to conquer the tracts on the western side of the mountains. He brought a force comprising a collection of artillery and two regiments. There was need to procure transportation and Daniel volunteered his services. In addition to the regulars, Braddock also enjoyed the company of several men and camp followers. The forces were gathered at Cumberland pending the Braddock’s arrival. The aim was to proceed but the mission was delayed for several days while teams and wagons were found to carry the equipments and baggage. Once the regiment was in motion the journey was extremely slow. The roads were dominated by creeks and swamps and the terrains rough. Braddock made a decision to walk ahead with one thousand two hundred men and to abandon the artillery and baggage with Colonel Dunbar. Dunbar’s forces set camp at Great Meadows, the dawdlers started arriving with information concerning Braddock’s defeat. Fear and panic spread throughout the entire camp at the imagination that the enemy might attack. The following day most of the troops went back home together with most of the teams and wagons, abandoning the helpless and wounded. Due to the nature of Daniel’s work, he was among those in the wagon trains when Braddock’s forces were assaulted and nearly eliminated by an Indian and French alliance; instead of materials, Daniel found himself ferrying wounded soldiers . The condition on the Virginia frontier and Pennsylvania was ominous. The Braddock’s defeat left the border open for the murdering and robbing of the border populace. At a period when condition demanded all men to be available to safeguard the defenseless population, Dunbar and his troops left for Philadelphia. The Virginia’s administration met the condition with swiftness and energetically raised an extra force of sixteen firms under Washington to protect the frontier. Washington assigned forces at different places along the frontier. Morgan was assigned the responsibility of ferrying supplies along the defense lines. This was an extremely risky task as a trucker and was regularly exposed to serious dangers from the loitering foe. Morgan escaped death narrowly no several occasions. Experience with British Forces In the year 1756, Daniel experienced a dreadful disagreement with a lieutenant from Britain . The officer had been offended by something Daniel had articulated and after abusing him verbally; he hit him with the edge of his blade. Daniel’s instantaneous right cross hit the officer meaningless knocking him cold. The defiant act led to speedy military justice. The British laws were excessive on this form of crime and Daniel was accorded five hundred strokes, the harshest penalty possible. Such punishments were neither uncommon for the British forces nor was it unusual for men to pass away under the stroke. He obtained all of the punishment except one stroke. Daniel was too strong to pass away, but the familiarity left his body a piece of hamburger and bone . Once the wounds healed over, nonetheless, he acquired a priceless visual aid that proved important to him severally. It was articulated that the penalty would have murdered a slighter man. Until this period Daniel had not commanded anyone. He had helped Braddock and in return got wrongly trodden for his endeavors. The battle frenzied on and extended to the bottom of the blue hills. Fort Louden and Fort Cumberland were attacked by the foe standing just two hundred miles away from Daniel’s dwelling in Winchester. The militia was called to Fort Garrison and Daniel headed the forces towards the fort and commanded to for some period. Although none of his position is documented, it is widely assumed that he commanded the garrison. Shortly after his arrival, a body of Indians and French attacked Fort Edwards. Owing to Daniel’s leadership and bravery, the assault was halted. The battalion sallied forward and surpassed their enemies wounding and killing numerous Indians as the escaped in all directions. In 1758, General Forbes, the leader of the British battalion planned to assault Fort Duquesne; Daniel was suggested by leading officers of Virginia for the captaincy post. Governor Dinwiddie rejected the recommendation and only an ensign’s charge was obtainable. Daniel accepted the charge and was positioned at different forts beside the border in 1758 . Devastating Attack Daniel was dispatched from these forts with a company of two defense force . He was assaulted by a group of Indians and French. The defense forces were blasted and fell right away off the horsebacks. Daniel was stroke by a gunshot that pierced via his neck, scraping one part of his neck-bone, and then passing via the mouth . The gunshot removed all of Daniel’s teeth, but surprising enough didn’t harm the jawbone. In other words, Daniel’s head had been shot. Although wounded terribly, Daniel never fell from the horseback. The blood oozed effortlessly out of the gunshot wound and he was vulnerably weak, yet in such circumstances he was capable of keeping his feelings long enough to run away from additional harm. The horse he rode on panicked at first and froze, But Daniel seized her neck in an attempt to spurn her on . Incredibly, the horse curved and headed back to the fort. The Indians, assuming Daniel was fatally wounded, descended upon the defense forces searching for scalps. Daniel, also assuming he was just about to perish, speeded the horse to escape from his chasers to avoid mangling of his body. Daniel’s horse arrived at the fort when he was insensible. He remained in a critical condition for a long period of time, but with judicious treatment and good care, he recovered. Daniel later went back to Fredrick where his manly and bravery behavior had accorded him a high standing amongst his folks. Experience as a Lieutenant The Indian and French War ended and it seemed as if Daniel would get a chance to lead a nonviolent live. But following the peace treaty Pontiac’s battle broke out, an onslaught that destroyed the whole Western Frontier. Virginia reacted by recalling militia into active service to assist the existing battalion already stationed on the border. The forces were put under the authority of Colonel Stevens. Daniel was posted as a lieutenant in the regiment. In a crucial battle, the Indians were conquered and forced to implement a peace agreement without Daniel participating in the battle. The band of soldiers was disbanded and therefore ended the war. Leader of County Militia In 1771, the governor of Virginia, William nelson commissioned Daniel as Captain of Frederick County’s militia . This was a period of great extension on Virginia border, a development which disappointed Indian populace. Great carnages were happening in places such as Kentucky and Virginia’s populace feared that the trouble would spread to Virginia quickly. Their fears were confirmed and atrocities were committed by a band of settlers, instigating Dunmore’s War. Governor of Virginia, Lord Dunmore, was confident to deal with the issue himself. He commanded a big battalion from the northern region to be organized and four brigades of volunteers and militia to be arranged in the Southern regions. While staffing for these regiments was being executed, a defense force was recruited to position itself between the border and the settlements under McDonald command. It was under the command of McDonald that Daniel took the leadership. He recruited several men and proceeded to Wheeling in Virginia to link up with McDonald. Major McDonald was initially requested to assume a defensive location, but decided to launch offenses due to lack of arrangements with the Indians. Daniel’s forces rapidly pushed the Indians from their locations forcing them to retreat. An Experienced Fighter By the year 1775 Daniel was an assessed and country fighter. He was capable of fighting using Indians methods of fighting and was proficient in using Pennsylvania gun, a long, thin tool of great accuracy and range. Not amazingly, when the Congress commanded the recruitment of ten firms of border riflemen to work as light infantry, Daniel was selected as a captain. After the U. S revolutionary War started at the skirmish of Concord and Lexington, the Congress established the famous Continental Army. The Congress gathered and called for creation of rifle firms from colonies to assist the Boston Siege and General Washington was named the commander of the army. It permitted the recruitment of twenty thousand men into the army. Congress also required ten firms of riflemen to be called into service in Virginia, Maryland and Pennsylvania states. Among the companies provided by Virginia State, Daniel Morgan was chosen as the leader of one rifle firm by the commission of Frederick County through an undisputed vote . Daniel’s first significant assignment surfaced in 1775, when worked in Benedict Arnold’s voyage that attacked Canada . Exposed to the waist and sporting Indian breechlout and leggings, Morgan led the expedition. During the assault, he took momentary command Montogomery’s murder. He battled valiantly against the foe until ultimately overpowered by larger numbers and forced to surrender. Although Daniel spent eight months in an English detention prior to exchange, his notable achievements at Quebec gave him merited acknowledgment. He was endorsed for the post of colonel and provided with a special force of light infantry comprising five hundred selected backwoodsmen. Achievements during Revolution Saratoga War Daniels’ light forces had its best moments in the Saratoga battle of 1777, when he rushed to help the northern army, then refuting the southward campaign from Canada of General Burgoyne . Burgoyne had witnessed his forces repulsed at Bennington and Oswego and his weapons run precariously thin in New York. During the battle, American colonel Horatio permitted Burgoyne to exploit his supplies in unsuccessful probes. Morgan was used by Gates to annoy and delay the enemy. The rifleman, utilizing their woodland knowledge effectively killed many redcoats. Soon enclosed by Gate’s forces and bands of militiamen, Burgoyne surrendered at Saratoga. As other attacks in the south were being evaluated, Britain’s standing among the colonies was tarnished both militarily and politically with enemies as well as friends. Morgan went back to Washington’s forces with splendor and immediately joined army politics. He believed his achievements would earn him a larger command as well as promotion particularly because a novel light infantry was being formed. However, the Congress felt that Virginians fielded sufficient Generals and offered the authority to a Pennsylvanian, Anthony Wayne. Cowpens War After a long period of inactivity, Morgan chose to accomplish his stand at Cowpens after the American grounds brightened in the South with a novel leader, Nathanael Greene who dispatched him into South Carolina . Confident to eliminate Daniel before attacking the higher south, Cornwallis dispatched Tarleton to pursue him. Daniel’s assumed advantage of Tarleton’s behavior for rapid action and his disregard for the inexperienced militia and the accuracy and longer range of Virginia riflemen. The gunmen were located to the frontline while both the regulars and militia remained behind. The first units were required to withdraw upon being threatened thus provoking a premature attack. During the campaign, Morgan famed himself as a leader of troops who nevertheless sustained the ordinary touch and maintained their secret. Typical soldiers toiled harder and shoved themselves a little bit further when Daniel was supervising them. The approach achieved enormous results; as the English troops neared, the American troops reloaded their guns. When the enemy got close they fired in their faces. Within a very short time, Tarleton’s one thousand and seventy six men got wounded, one hundred and ten killed and eight hundred and thirty captured . Although Tarleton managed to escape, all his equipments and supplies were captured by the Americans. Daniel’s cunning strategy is widely viewed to be the strategic masterwork of the battle and the most effectively executed envelopment of contemporary military history . Conclusion Braddock’s conquer was indeed one of the drastic events of the period before American Revolution. It left population settlements in Virginia and Pennsylvania susceptible to Indian and French invasion. Braddock’s expedition also improved Daniel Morgan’s standing and assisted helped him to be the sensible choice for an officer of Riflemen units in the American Revolution. Finally, the expedition was a significant chapter to the long battle with the Indian forces for the administration of the western Pennsylvania and Ohio valley. Saratoga War was also a significant success, won when United States required success in the most awful way and played an integral role in influencing other governments such as French administration to formally join the battle to aid the besieged colonies. The coalition with France became pivotal in maintaining American Revolutionary military resistance and resolve Bibliography Cassell, Frank. The Braddock Expedition of 1755: Catastrophe in the Wilderness, n. d, < (29 July 2009) Cheaney, Janie. Daniel Morgan, 1998, < http://jrshelby. com/kimocowp/morgan. htm> (29 July 2009). Chapel, Hill. Daniel Morgan: Revolutionary Rifleman. North Carolina: University of North Carolina Press, 1979. Daily, Allen. History of the Descendants of David Morgan, 2000, (29 July 2009). Frassett, James. Revolutionary War, 2000, (29 July 2009) Jacob Cushing, A Sermon Preached at Lexington, April 20th 1778. Boston: Powars & Willis, 1776. John Archdale, â€Å"A New Description of that Fertile and Pleasant Province of Carolina,† Narratives of Early Carolina, (1911): 277-313. Richard Price, A Discourse on the Love of Our Country . . . Commemorating the Revolution in Great Britain. London: Edward E. Powars, 1789.

How Insects Provide Evidence That a Murder Victim Was Moved

In some suspicious death investigations, arthropod evidence may prove that the body was moved at some point after death. Crime scene insects can tell whether the body decomposed at the location where it was found, and even reveal gaps in the crime time line. When Insects at the Crime Scene Dont Belong There The entomologist first identifies all the collected arthropod evidence, cataloging the species present on or near the body. Not every insect belongs in every habitat. Some live in quite specific niches – on limited vegetation types, at certain elevations, or in particular climates. What if the body yields an insect that is not known to live in the area where it was found? Wouldnt that suggest the body had been moved? In his book A Fly for the Prosecution, forensic entomologist M. Lee Goff tells of one such case. He collected evidence from a womans body found in an Oahu sugar cane field. He noted that some of the maggots present were a species of fly found in urban areas, not in agricultural fields. He hypothesized that the body had remained in an urban location long enough for the flies to find it, and that it was later moved to the field. Sure enough, when the murder was solved, his theory proved correct. The killers kept the victims body in an apartment for several days while trying to decide what to do with it. When Insects at the Crime Scene Dont Fit the Timeline Sometimes insect evidence reveals a gap in the time line, and leads investigators to the conclusion that the body was moved. The primary focus of forensic entomology is the establishment of the postmortem interval, using insect life cycles. A good forensic entomologist will give detectives an estimate, to the day or even the hour, of when the body was first colonized by insects. Investigators compare this estimate with witness accounts of when the victim was last seen alive. Where was the victim between when he was last seen and when insects first invaded his corpse? Was he alive, or was the body hidden somewhere? Again, Dr. Goffs book provides a good example of a case where insect evidence established such a time gap. A body found on April 18th yielded only first instar maggots, some still emerging from their eggs. Based on his knowledge of this insects life cycle in the environmental conditions present at the crime scene, Dr. Goff concluded that the body had only been exposed to insects since the previous day, the 17th. According to witnesses, the victim was last seen alive two days prior, on the 15th. It seemed that the body must have been somewhere else, protected from exposure to any insects, in the interim. In the end, the murderer was caught and revealed he had killed the victim on the 15th, but kept the body in the trunk of a car until dumping it on the 17th. How Insects in the Soil Help Solve a Murder A dead body lying on the ground will release all its fluids into the soil below. As a result of this seepage, the soil chemistry changes substantially. Native soil organisms leave the area as the pH rises. A whole new community of arthropods inhabit this gruesome niche. A forensic entomologist will sample the soil below and near where the body was lying. The organisms found in the soil samples can determine whether the body decomposed at the location where it was found, or prior to being dumped there.